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Carbon and its Compounds Class 10 – Continuing our series for Class 10 Revision for CBSE board exams, we bring you a new chapter today i.e. Carbon and its Compounds Class 10. Looking at previous years’ questions, we suggest that it is a very very important chapter from exam point of view and is asked for at least 6-7 marks every year, so you read this thoroughly.
An element which is of immense significance to us in both its elemental form and in the. Melting and boiling points of some carbon compounds are given in. Physical properties even though their chemical properties are the same. Fullerenes form another class of carbon allotropes. The first one to. Dec 23, 2016 Notes of Ch 4 Carbon and its Compounds Class 10th Science 23 Dec, 2016 Study Material and Notes of Ch 4 Carbon and its Compounds Class 10th Science. Topics in the Chapter. Introduction. The Covalent Bond. Versatile nature of Carbon. CBSE Class 12 Sample Papers; Quick Links.
Every year, at least 2 to 3 theory and practical questions are asked from this chapter.The concepts that are going to be discussed in this article are:. Covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Versatile nature of carbon. Allotropes of carbon. Saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds. Chains, branches and rings in carbon compounds and Isomers.
Functional groups. Homologous series. Nomenclature of carbon compounds. Chemical properties of carbon compounds.
Combustion. Oxidation. Addition. Substitution. Properties of ethanol and ethanoic acid. Soaps and detergents.
Previous Years’ question. Versatile Nature of CarbonCarbon forms a great number of compounds. The number of carbon compounds known to chemists are estimated at around 3 million!
Carbon is able do so because of its following properties:. Catenation – The ability of carbon to form bonds with other atoms of carbon is termed catenation. This gives rise to long chain carbon compounds. Tetra-valency – Since carbon has a valency of four, it can form 4 bonds. Compounds of carbon are seen with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine and many other elements. The compounds of carbon containing only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. Allotropes of CarbonWe saw that carbon can form bonds with carbon.
The way in which carbon atoms combine with each other can be different, giving rise to compounds with different properties. Such different forms of the same element are called allotropes. Allotropes of carbon include graphite, diamond, C-60 or buckminsterfullerene.You can now see on your board some common properties of these 3 allotropes of carbon. DiamondGraphiteBuckminsterfullerene. In diamond, all carbon atoms are bonded to one another by strong covalent bonds and hence diamond is very hard. Because of strong bonds, diamond has very high melting point and boiling point.
Because of hardness, diamond is often used for cutting tools in machinery!. In graphite, a carbon atom is bonded only to three other carbon atoms – one electron is delocalised (free to move around). Hence, graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity. There is no or very weak bonding between the various layers. These layers are hence free to slip over one another. Therefore, graphite is soft and slippery in nature and is used as a lubricant.
Formula: C60. Made up of pentagons and hexagons, resulting in a cage-like fused ring structure. Found in soot and is believed to be present in deep space in some forms! Functional GroupsWe have seen that carbon forms bonds with a number of different elements like halogen, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. In a hydrocarbon chain, one or more hydrogens can be replaced by these elements, such that the valency of carbon remains satisfied.Depending upon the element or group of elements that form bonds with carbon, the properties of the compound changes. Such an element or group of elements is called a functional group. Some common functional groups and their names are given below.
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Homologous SeriesTo understand the concept of homologous series, let us take the example of methanol. We know that to make methanol or C H 3 OH, we remove a hydrogen atom from C H 4, and add an -OH group in its place.
Similarly, to make other alcohols, we need to keep removing one -H from higher hydrocarbons and add an -OH. However, we can also say, that we are simply adding ‘ C H 2 ’ units to methanol. Adding one unit of C H 2 will give us ethanol. Adding 2 will give us propanol, and so on.Such a series of alcohols that we get on repeatedly adding C H 2, have been observed to possess similar properties.Similarly, we can create a series of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, etc, where each compound differs from the previous by ‘ C H 2 ’. Such series are called homologous series.
Members of a homologous series have similar properties, and can all be represented by a general formula. Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds. Combustion – Carbon compounds burn in the presence of oxygen to give carbon dioxide along with release of heat and light. C+ O 2 →C O 2 +heat and light. Oxidation – refers to addition of oxygen. Eg. Addition – Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons.
This reaction is commonly used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Eg. Substitution – when one type of atom or a group of atoms takes the place of another, it is called a substitution reaction. For eg, in the presence of sunlight, chlorine is added to hydrocarbons and replaces the hydrogen atoms one by one. C H 4 +C l 2 →C H 3 Cl+HCl (in the presence of sunlight). Reactions of Carbon and its Compounds.
Esterification: Esters are sweet-smelling substances. These are used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents. Esters react in the presence of an acid or a base to give back the alcohol and carboxylic acid. This reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap. Reactions with a base: Ethanoic acid reacts with a base such as sodium hydroxide to give a salt (sodium ethanoate or commonly called sodium acetate) and water: NaO H+C H 3 COOH→C H 3 COONa+ H 2 O. Soaps and DetergentsPresence of calcium or magnesium ions in water can make it hard.
When soap is added to hard water, a white substance called scum is formed, which makes cleaning of clothes difficult. This is because when soap molecules react with calcium or magnesium ions, they form an insoluble white precipitate.Thus, soap is rendered useless in hard water. Thus, detergents are used. Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts or long chain carboxylic acid derivative, which on reaction with calcium or magnesium ions do not form scum and help in efficient cleaning. NameJEE MainJEE AdvancedYearChinmay Kunnur18Hrithik Bhat18Dibyendu Mandal52272018Mohit Khandate60672018PUNEETH J63322018Jayateertha Deshpande017Avinash kumar72072018Akshay Singhal73042018RAJAN KUMAR SINGH018Shagun Bera18Sharon Jose017Divyanshu Bhatt18Arun Purohitt017Prathmesh Deshmukh104872018Ashirwad Singh2017Harikesh113132018Debjyoti Dutta2017Subhajeet115882018Sarbik Betal116332018Albert Hansda123922018Akshat Jain017Shivam Singh142242018Shreya Chandra145772018Aashwin Tripathi2017Bhaskar Saha2017Aditya Sharma2017Chandrakanta Mahapatra2017X.
Class 10 Science Carbon and its Compounds – Get here the Notes for Class 10 Science Carbon and its Compounds. Candidates who are ambitious to qualify the Class 10 with good score can check this article for Notes. This is possible only when you have the best CBSE Class 10 Science study material and a smart preparation plan. To assist you with that, we are here with notes. Hope these notes will help you understand the important topics and remember the key points for exam point of view. Below we provided the Notes of Class 10 Science for topic Carbon and its Compounds. Class: 10th.
Subject: Science. Topic: Carbon and its Compounds. Resource: NotesCBSE Notes Class 10 Science Carbon and its Compounds. Candidates who are pursuing in Class 10 are advised to revise the notes from this post. With the help of Notes, candidates can plan their Strategy for particular weaker section of the subject and study hard. So, go ahead and check the Important Notes for CBSE Class 10 Science Carbon and its Compounds from this article.1.
Bonding in CarbonCarbon form covalent bonds.Formation of covalent bond: Covalent bond formation involves sharing of electrons between bonding atoms which may be either same or different.Covalency: The number of electrons contributed by an atom for sharing is known as its covalency.Characteristics of covalent compounds:(i) These compounds are molecular in nature (i.e. They exist as single molecules)(ii) These are insoluble in water and soluble in benzene, kerosene and petrol etc.(iii) These compounds are poor conductor of electricity.2. Allotropy in CarbonThe property due to which an element exists in two or more forms, which differ in their physical and some ofthe chemical properties is known as “Allotropy” and the various forms are called “Allotropes”. Carbon exists in two allotropic form (i) crystalline (ii) amorphous.
The crystalline forms are diamond and graphite whereas the amorphous forms are coal, charcoal, lamp black etc. Fullerenes form another class of carbon allotropes. The first one to be identified was C-60, which has carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a football.3. Unique Nature of CarbonCatenation: The property of elements to form long chains or rings by self linking of their own atoms- through covalent bonds is called catenation. The extent of catenation depends upon the strength of the bonds between the atoms involved in catenation.4. Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon CompoundsIn saturated compounds the valencies of all the carbon atoms are satisfied by single bonds between them.While in the unsaturated compounds, the valencies of all the carbon atoms are not satisfied by single bonds, thus in order to satisfy their valencies, they form double or triple bond between the carbon atoms.5.
Straight chain compounds: The compounds which contain straight chain of carbon atoms e.g. Normal butane (C 4H 10), normal pentane ( 5H 12) etc.6. Branched chain compounds: Those compounds which are branched.e.g.
Iso-butane (C 4H 10), isopentane (C 5H 12), neopentane (C 5H 12) etc.7. Closed chain compounds or Ring compounds:Cyclic compounds are called closed chain or ring compounds e.g. Cyclohexane (C 6H 12), cyclopentane (C 5H 10), cyclobutane (C 4H 8), cyclopropane (C 3H 6) etc.8. HydrocarbonsAll those compounds which contain just carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.9. Functional GroupThe atom or group of atoms which determine the properties of a compound is known as functional group.
—OH (alcohol), —CHO (aldehyde)C = C CO 2 + 2O + heat and light(ii) Oxidation:The substance which are used for oxidation are known as oxidising agent.e.g alkaline KMnO 4, acidified K 2Cr 2O 7.(iii) Addition reaction:Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes undergo addition reaction in presence of catalysts e.g.(iv) Substitution reaction: Saturated hydrocarbons give substitution reaction e.g. Methane in presence of sunlight undergo chlorination.13. Some Important Carbon CompoundsAlcohols: Compounds containing -OH group attached to a carbon atom are known as alcohols.Example: Ethanol (C 2H 5OH): commonly known as alcohol.Properties of ethanol:1. Reaction with sodium: Due to its weakly acidic nature, ethanol reacts with sodium to librate H 2 gas.2.Hope these notes helped you in your schools exam preparation. Candidates can also check out the Key Points, Important Questions & Practice Papers for various Subjects for Class 10 in both Hindi and English language form the link below.Class 10 NCERT SolutionsCandidates who are studying in Class 10 can also check Class 10 NCERT Solutions from here. This will help the candidates to know the solutions for all subjects covered in Class 10th. Candidates can click on the subject wise link to get the same.
Class 10 Chapter-wise, detailed solutions to the questions of the NCERT textbooks are provided with the objective of helping students compare their answers with the sample answers.Class 10 Mock Test / PracticeMock test are the practice test or you can say the blue print of the main exam. Before appearing in the main examination, candidates must try mock test as it helps the students learn from their mistakes. With the help of Class 10 Mock Test / Practice, candidates can also get an idea about the pattern and marking scheme of that examination. For the sake of the candidates we are providing Class 10 Mock Test / Practice links below.Class 10 Exemplar QuestionsExemplar Questions Class 10 is a very important resource for students preparing for the Examination. Here we have provided Exemplar Problems Solutions along with NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 10. Question from very important topics is covered by Exemplar Questions for Class 10.
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